Summary of Material for The Grade 8G Digital Technology (TryOuT)

 Summary of Key Concepts

• Binary System (Base-2): Computers process and store all data using binary numbers, which consist of only two digits: 0 and 1.

• Transistors & Microprocessors: A microprocessor serves as the brain of the computer (CPU) and contains billions of tiny electronic switches called transistors. Transistors represent binary states where ON = 1 and OFF = 0.

• Decimal vs. Binary: The decimal system (Base-10) uses digits 0 through 9. The binary system (Base-2) uses place values that increase from right to left as powers of 2 (1, 2, 4, 8, 16...).

• Number Conversion: Decimal numbers can be converted into binary by subtracting the largest matching power of 2 or using repeated division by 2. Binary numbers are converted back to decimal by adding up the place values where a 1 appears.

• Bits and Bytes: A bit (lowercase b) is the single smallest unit of data (0 or 1). A byte (uppercase B) is a group of $8\text{ bits}$, which stores a single character or letter.

• Data Units Scale: Storage sizes scale up by approximately 1,024 times per level: Byte -> Kilobyte (KB) -> Megabyte (MB) -> Gigabyte (GB) -> Terabyte (TB). Internet speed is measured in bits per second (bps/Mbps), while file sizes are measured in Bytes.

• Text Encoding: Computers convert characters into binary numbers so they can process and store text.

• ASCII Standard: An early text encoding system using 7 or 8 bits that represents up to 128–256 characters, limited mainly to English letters, basic numbers, and symbols.

• Unicode Standard: A modern encoding standard (such as UTF-8) supporting over 150,000 characters across global languages, scripts, and emojis.

• Digital Audio & Sampling Rate: Sound is digitized when a microphone turns air vibrations into voltage, which an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) measures thousands of times per second into binary code. The audio sampling rate (measured in kHz) determines how many times per second sound is measured. Higher sampling rates improve audio quality but increase overall file size.

• Digital Video: Video works by rapidly playing a sequence of still image frames made of pixels converted into binary data.

• Logic Gates: Hardware building blocks inside the CPU that combine binary signals to make decisions:

  • AND Gate: Outputs 1 only when all inputs are 1.

  • OR Gate: Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1.

  • NOT Gate: Reverses the input signal (a 1 becomes a 0, and a 0 becomes a 1).

• Personal Data Protection: Personal data includes identifiable details like your full name, location, and phone number, which must be protected online to maintain privacy.

• Digital Footprint: The trail of digital data you leave behind whenever you browse, post, or interact online, which can be permanent and difficult to delete.

• Data Collection & Targeted Ads: Free websites and apps collect behavioral data (clicks, location, search history) to build profiles and show targeted advertising to users.

• AI Algorithm Bias: AI systems learn from historical data; if the training data contains human biases, the AI can replicate unfair decisions or misidentify certain groups of people.

• Cybersecurity Practices: Protect personal data online by using long passphrases with Two-Factor Authentication (2FA), enabling a Virtual Private Network (VPN) on public Wi-Fi networks, and recognizing phishing emails.

Test Specifications or Indicators of The Digital Technology Tryout for Class 8G

MULTIPLE CHOICE INDICATORS

Single Correct Answer (Questions 1–10)

• Question 1: Students can identify why computers use the binary system (Base-2) and transistors instead of the decimal system.

• Question 2: Students can distinguish between ASCII and Unicode text encoding systems based on character limits.

• Question 3: Students can recognize examples of personal data that require privacy protection online.

• Question 4: Students can define the concept of a digital footprint in digital citizenship.

• Question 5: Students can convert a given decimal number into a 5-bit binary sequence.

• Question 6: Students can convert a given 4-bit binary sequence into its decimal value.

• Question 7: Students can explain the meaning of audio sampling rate (kHz) in digitizing sound waves.

• Question 8: Students can select the safest password practice to protect online personal accounts.

• Question 9: Students can convert file storage sizes from Bytes to Kilobytes (KB).

• Question 10: Students can choose the correct safety measure when receiving a suspicious phishing email.

Two Correct Answers (Questions 11–20)

• Question 11: Students can identify correct statements about how microprocessors and transistors process binary data.

• Question 12: Students can select correct facts about how digital audio and video files represent media using binary code.

• Question 13: Students can identify methods used by mobile apps and social media to collect user data.

• Question 14: Students can identify ethical issues related to targeted advertising and AI algorithm bias.

• Question 15: Students can select responsible practices for managing their personal digital footprint online.

• Question 16: Students can identify correct rules and functions of basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT).

• Question 17: Students can select facts that accurately distinguish between a bit and a byte.

• Question 18: Students can identify types of digital tracking data automatically logged by websites.

• Question 19: Students can recognize real-life negative impacts caused by AI algorithm bias.

• Question 20: Students can select effective security measures to protect personal data on public Wi-Fi networks.

True / False Evaluation (Questions 21–25)

• Question 21: Students can evaluate a statement about binary place values using powers of 2.

• Question 22: Students can evaluate a statement regarding the comparison between ASCII and Unicode standards.

• Question 23: Students can evaluate a statement about how free mobile applications collect and monetize user data.

• Question 24: Students can evaluate a statement regarding the permanent nature of data deleted from social media.

• Question 25: Students can evaluate a statement about cybersecurity risks associated with password reuse.

ESSAY (Questions 26–30)

• Essay Question 26: Students can explain the concept of text encoding, state the limits of ASCII, and justify why Unicode is used globally.

• Essay Question 27: Students can demonstrate step-by-step calculations for converting numbers between decimal and binary systems.

• Essay Question 28: Students can analyze data collection methods in mobile apps and explain the ethical concerns of targeted advertising.

• Essay Question 29: Students can explain how sound waves are converted into binary data and analyze how sampling rates affect audio quality and file size.

• Essay Question 30: Students can evaluate how AI bias occurs and propose ethical guidelines to ensure fairness in digital systems.

Summary of Material for The Grade 7H Digital Technology (TryOuT)

 Modern Technologies in Travel

• Biometric Systems & Automated E-Gates: These tools scan your face or fingerprints at airport border controls to confirm your identity automatically and speed up check-in queues without physical contact.

• Travel Apps: Applications like Google Maps, Booking.com, and Google Translate help travelers book hotels, find directions in unfamiliar places, and translate foreign signs instantly using smartphone cameras.

• Smart Travel Devices: Devices such as GPS AirTags or Smartwatches allow travelers to track lost luggage location in real-time and scan boarding passes directly from their wrists.

• Virtual Reality (VR) & Augmented Reality (AR): VR lets you explore a 360-degree virtual tour of a hotel room or destination before booking, while AR overlays digital information and translations onto real-world sights through your screen.

• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI travel planners can instantly build custom daily itineraries based on your budget, travel dates, and personal preferences.

Digital Security Risks During Travel

• Public Wi-Fi Networks: Unencrypted public Wi-Fi networks in airports or hotel lobbies do not protect your data, making it easy for hackers to steal passwords or financial information using "Man-in-the-Middle" or "Evil Twin" fake hotspots.

• Juice Jacking: Plugging your device directly into a public USB charging kiosk can allow malicious hardware to transfer malware onto your phone or steal personal files.

• Boarding Pass & Barcode Exposure: Posting photos of paper tickets or barcodes on social media exposes personal details, full names, and booking reference numbers that criminals can exploit.

• Phishing & QRishing Attacks: Scanning suspicious QR codes at public stations or clicking fake flight confirmation email links can redirect you to fake websites designed to steal credit card details.

• Shoulder Surfing: People in crowded public transit areas can look over your shoulder to watch you type sensitive PINs, screen passcodes, or passwords.

Safe Online Practices & Protection Strategies

• Virtual Private Networks (VPN): Using a VPN encrypts your internet connection, hiding your online activity and data while browsing on public or hotel Wi-Fi networks.

• Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Enabling 2FA adds a critical second layer of protection, requiring an extra code sent to your phone so hackers cannot log in with just your password.

• Power Banks & AC Adapters: Use your own portable power bank or a traditional wall outlet plug instead of public USB outlets to avoid juice jacking risks.

• Offline Backups & Preparation: Download offline maps and keep digital copies of travel confirmation codes or passports saved in encrypted, password-protected cloud folders.

• Turning Off Connectivity Features: Disable automatic Wi-Fi connections, Bluetooth, and location sharing when you are not actively using them to prevent automatic pairing with risky nearby networks.

• Delayed Social Media Sharing: Avoid posting live locations, real-time hotel updates, or flight schedules online while you are away to protect your physical safety and keep your personal routine private.

Test Specifications or Indicators of The Digital Technology Tryout for Class 7H

 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

• Question 1: Given a scenario about automated airport processing, students identify the biometric system used for automated border control. (LO 1, Cognitive Level C2, Points: 2)

• Question 2: Given a description of translating foreign signs using a smartphone camera, students identify the main purpose of Augmented Reality (AR) in travel. (LO 1, Cognitive Level C2, Points: 2)

• Question 3: Given an example of a GPS AirTag tracker, students classify it as a smart travel device. (LO 1, Cognitive Level C2, Points: 2)

• Question 4: Given a scenario where a traveler receives an instant 5-day holiday itinerary, students recognize the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI). (LO 2, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 2)

• Question 5: Given a situation with a dead phone battery at hotel check-in, students identify the correct practice of keeping offline confirmations and a power bank. (LO 2, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 2)

• Question 6: Given a prompt about receiving an alert from an unencrypted airport Wi-Fi network, students select the safe practice of using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) or avoiding the network. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 2)

• Question 7: Given a scenario where scanning a QR code leads to a fake credit card entry form, students analyze and identify the cyber attack as QRishing or Phishing. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 2)

• Question 8: Given two choices between public USB charging stations and personal power banks, students analyze why personal power banks prevent juice jacking attacks. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 2)

• Question 9: Given a scenario of a passenger posting a boarding pass photo on social media, students analyze the privacy risk associated with barcode data exposure. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 2)

• Question 10: Given a claim that passwords alone provide complete security, students evaluate the statement and explain why Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is necessary. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C5, Points: 2)

• Question 11: Given a list of travel technologies, students select two emerging immersive tools consisting of Virtual Reality tours and Augmented Reality maps. (LO 1, Cognitive Level C2, Points: 3)

• Question 12: Given a set of navigation and communication practices, students select two correct methods including offline map usage and smartwatch boarding pass scanning. (LO 2, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 3)

• Question 13: Given a scenario about securing public hotel internet connections, students select two protective habits involving VPN activation and disabling auto-connect features. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 3)

• Question 14: Given a list of characteristics, students select two correct statements contrasting the benefits and risks of AI travel planners. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 3)

• Question 15: Given a recommendation to store passport copies on cloud platforms, students evaluate and select two mandatory security steps including file encryption and Multi-Factor Authentication. (LO 5, Cognitive Level C5, Points: 3)

• Question 16: Given a list of digital tools, students select three applications that specifically assist with booking, navigation, and language translation. (LO 2, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 3)

• Question 17: Given a list of information types, students select three sensitive data items that should never be shared publicly online during a trip. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 3)

• Question 18: Given a list of security events, students select three common digital threats encountered in crowded public transit areas. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 3)

• Question 19: Given a request to design a safety strategy, students evaluate and select three recommended practices for a digital safety playbook. (LO 5, Cognitive Level C5, Points: 3)

• Question 20: Given a statement about 360-degree virtual hotel tours, students judge whether Virtual Reality capability is True or False. (LO 1, Cognitive Level C2, Points: 2)

• Question 21: Given a statement about turning off auto-Wi-Fi connections, students determine if it prevents unintended network connections as True or False. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 2)

• Question 22: Given a statement claiming public airport Wi-Fi automatically encrypts credit card data, students identify the claim as True or False. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C3, Points: 2)

• Question 23: Given a statement about biometric airport systems, students evaluate whether they increase border speed while maintaining security as True or False. (LO 1, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 2)

• Question 24: Given a statement describing juice jacking as a physical battery explosion, students identify the definition as True or False. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 2)

• Question 25: Given a statement claiming that security tools eliminate all online risks completely, students evaluate the absolute security claim as True or False. (LO 5, Cognitive Level C5, Points: 2)

ESSAY QUESTIONS

• Question 26: Students identify two modern travel technologies and explain how each tool assists a traveler during a trip. (LO 1 & 2, Cognitive Level C3, Points:6)

• Question 27: Students compare a private cellular eSIM with VPN against free public airport Wi-Fi by analyzing one benefit and one cyber risk for each option. (LO 3, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 8)

• Question 28: Students analyze a scenario involving low phone battery and suspicious booking verification emails to identify two security threats and propose immediate safe actions. (LO 3 & 4, Cognitive Level C4, Points: 8)

• Question 29: Students evaluate the safety impact of real-time vacation posting on social media, state their agreement or disagreement, and justify their stance with two privacy and security reasons. (LO 4, Cognitive Level C5, Points: 9)

• Question 30: Students develop a structured 4-step digital safety strategy for students going on an overseas school trip to protect their devices and personal data. (LO 5, Cognitive Level C5, Points: 10)